灵灵鼠 发表于 2010-1-22 12:03:00

绩效理论知识普及二期--你学习,我奖励

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>大家肯定要问胜任素质模型与绩效理论知识有关系吗,我告诉你,肯定有关系。但是一起了解他们的关系之前一定要弄懂什么事胜任素质模型。开始吧~~学习了~~</FONT></SPAN></P><BR><BR><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、胜任特征概念的界定</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">英文中的两个词汇</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“Competence (Competences)”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“Competency (Competencies)”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">翻译成中文对应的意思是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">胜任特征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">胜任特征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">胜任特质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">能力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">素质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">等。但是组织心理学习惯译为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">胜任特征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,日常实践应用中人们习惯称之为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">素质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,相应的把</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">胜任特征模型</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">素质模型</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">文献中关于胜任特征的概念还没有达成一致。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Spencer</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">认为胜任特征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(competence)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">是一种个人潜在的特征,与有效或优异的工作绩效相连,表明的是一种思考或行为的方式,一种跨情景的泛化的行为或思考的方式,而且持续着相当长的一段时间。对于越是复杂的工作,与工作技能、智力以及文凭相比,胜任特征对于有效的工作绩效的取得就越重要。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Boyatzis(1982)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">把</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“Job competence” </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">定义为一个人的根本特性,可能是动机</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(motive)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、特质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(trait)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、技能</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(skill)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、个人自我形象或社会角色的某个方面,或是个体的知识体。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Shanteall(1992)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">专家胜任特征理论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”(Theory of Expert Competence)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">中认为胜任特征依赖于五个因素:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(1)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">专业素养;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(2)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">心理特征;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(3)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">认知技能;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(4)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">决策策略;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(5)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">任务特征。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jones</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">DeFillippi(1996)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">认为胜任特征包含能使个体在工作责任领域中产生附加价值的相关技能和知识。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; 我国学者仲理峰(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2005</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)给胜任特征的定义是:胜任特征是能把某职位中表现优异者和表现平平者区别开来的个体潜在的、较为持久的行为特征(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Behavioral Characteristics</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)。这些特征可以是认知的、意志的、态度的、情感的、动力的或是倾向性的等等。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 虽然对胜任特征的概念还没有统一的定义,但在某些方面还是已经达成一些共识。与传统的心理测验相比,胜任特征评价有以下一些主要的特点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">:(1)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">绩效关联性。也就是说所测的内容应该是从与优异绩效有因果关系的效标行为中抽取的;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(2)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">评估任务的情景性。胜任特征的评估来源于实际的工作情景与任务,这种评估的方式保证了高预测力;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(3)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">针对性。每一个胜任特征模型都有针对某类职业的建模过程,不同的职业有不同的胜任特征模型,提高了测验的预测效度。而传统的心理测验是普遍适用于各种工作的人事选拔与评价的,没有针对性。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、胜任特征的分类</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT color=darkorchid>&nbsp; 依据不同的标准,可以把胜任特征分为不同的类型:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; McClelland</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">把胜任特征分为两大类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">:(1)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">内容性胜任特征,如与工作职责相关的知识;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(2)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">过程性胜任特征,如能够有效地利用自己的知识的能力。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1981</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">年,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Boyatzis</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">个公共部门和私营企业中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">41</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">个管理职位的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">多名的管理人员的胜任特征的研究作了全面的综合和分析,得出管理人员的胜任特征的通用模型。他把管理人员的胜任特征分为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">种类型,共包含</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">个胜任特征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">: </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">目标和行动管理</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">包括关注影响、概念的中断使用、效率导向、始发性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">;领导</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">概念化技能、自信、演讲</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">;人力资源管理</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">管理群体过程、使用社会权力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">;</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">指导下级技能</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">培养他人、自发性、使用单方面的权力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">;其他</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">客观知觉、情绪稳定性、持久性、适应性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">;特殊知识</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">经理及其特殊社会角色的特殊知识</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>Spencer</FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1989</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">年对二百多种工作进行了研究,最终分析出几百项与优秀绩效相关的工作行为,结果产生了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">个基本的个人胜任特征。根据不同的工作类型,建立了包括专业技术人员、销售人员、社区服务人员、经理人员和企业家五大类的通用行业的模型。其中,企业家的胜任特征模型包括以下六种类型的胜任特征:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(1)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">成就:主动性、捕捉机遇、坚持性、信息搜寻、关注质量、守信、关注效率;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(2)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">思维和问题解决:系统计划、问题解决;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(3)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">个人成熟:自信、具有专长、自学;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(4)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">影响:说服、运用影响策略;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(5)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">指导和控制:果断、监控;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(6)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">体贴他人:诚实、关注员工福利、关系建立、发展员工。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>Nordhang(1994</FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1998)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">提出了自己的胜任特征分类学说。他从三个维度对胜任特征进行分类。这三个维度分别是任务具体性、行业具体性和公司具体性。他将胜任特征划分为元胜任特征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(meta competence)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、通用行业胜任特征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(general industry competence)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、内部组织胜任特征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(intraorganization competence)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、标准技术胜任特征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(standard technical competence)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、技术行业胜任特征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(technical trade competence)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">和特殊技术胜任特征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(idiosyncratic technical competence)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">六种。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">从以上分析可以看出,胜任特征研究领域的专家从不同的角度和层面对于胜任特征进行了分类。笔者认为在具体的实践过程中,如何对于胜任特征进行分类,应做到具体情况具体分析。举例来说,在阳光</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">胜任特征模型建构的过程中,项目组在充分研究本领域相关文献结论的基础上,根据中国的文化背景以及阳光</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">公司特定的企业文化,把阳光</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">的各岗位系列的人员胜任特征分为以下六类:态度和品质、个人特质、思维能力、专业素质、管理能力、领导能力。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT color=darkorchid>、胜任特征与相关概念的联系与区别</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">在实践的过程中,胜任特征的概念常常容易和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">非智力因素</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">能力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">成功智力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">情感智商</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">等概念混淆,下面作一简单的分析:</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)非智力因素,指不属于传统的智力测验中测量的内容,但这些因素却对个体的行为有着不同程度的影响,例如坚持性。动机、情感以及自我概念等因素也都属于非智力因素,但只要不是与工作或岗位所要求的工作绩效紧密相联的,都不属于工作胜任特征的范畴。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)能力,指能够做某事或者是可能能够胜任某事。虽然能力定义的内容与胜任特征的定义有重叠的部分,但是胜任特征更复杂,并且具有标准和规范的特征。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)成功智力,包含分析智力、创造性智力和实践性智力。相对而言,胜任特征比成功智力更有针对性,而且更具有情境性,成功智力更为宽泛,没有职业范围的划分。成功智力相对来说是一个使用较少的概念,在此对于有关概念不作进一步的解释。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)情感智商(简称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">情商</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">),指对成功至关重要的情绪特征。情感智力包括:自我知觉认识自身的情绪;管理自我的情绪,使之适时适度地表现出来;自我激励;移情、即觉察、识别、理解他人的情绪;处理人际关系,调控与他人的情绪反应的技巧。由此可见,胜任特征所涉及的情感仅仅针对某一岗位或职位的需求,更有针对性,例如自我激励对于销售人员就是很重要的胜任特征,但是对于财务人员可能就不是最重要的。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT color=darkorchid>由上述分析可见:对于容易和胜任特征相混淆的几个概念区分,我们只需要抓住胜任特征的三个重要的特点就可以做到很好的鉴别:绩效关联性、评估任务的情景性和针对性。</FONT></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <BR><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、胜任特征模型</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">胜任特征模型(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Competency Model</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)是指担任某一特定的任务角色需要具备的胜任特征的总和,它是针对特定职位表现要求组合起来的一组胜任特征。胜任特征理论模型主要有冰山模型和洋葱模型两种:</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">胜任特征的冰山模型(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Spencer,1993</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)主张有五种类型的胜任特征:动机(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">motives</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)、特质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(traits)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、自我概念特征(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">self-concept characteristics</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)、知识(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">knowledge</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)和技能(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">skills</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)。知识是指对于某一职业领域有用信息的组织和利用,如对家电产品市场销售策略的了解。技能是指运用专门技术的能力,如计算机操作能力。自我概念是指对自己身份的认知或知觉,如视自己为权威和教练。特质是指身体特征及典型的行为方式,如喜欢冒险。动机是指决定外显行为的自然而稳定的思维和价值观,如总想把事情做得尽善尽美的成就动机。按照这个模型,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">知识和技能</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">处于水面上看得见的冰山,最容易改变,属于潜层次的特征。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P><BR><BR><BR>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=darkorchid><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">特征和自我概念</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">都属于潜藏于水面下面,不易触及,也很难改变的深层特征。洋葱模型(彭剑锋,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2003</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)是从另一个角度对冰山模型的解释,它在描述胜任特征时由外层及内层,由表层向里层,层层深入,最表层的是基本的技巧和知识,里层核心内容即个体潜在的特征。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=darkorchid>&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT color=darkorchid>这两种胜任特征模型的理论不紧体现了研究者对于胜任特征分类的思路,而且体现了不同类型的胜任特征的特点和属性</FONT>。</SPAN></P>
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<P><A href="http://bbs.chinahrd.net/绩效理论支持普及一期http://bbs.chinahrd.net/showtopic-188254-1.aspx"><FONT color=blue size=4><STRONG>绩效理论支持普及一期</STRONG></FONT></A></P>
<P><FONT color=blue size=4><STRONG>http://bbs.chinahrd.net/showtopic-188254-1.aspx<BR></STRONG></FONT><BR></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"></A></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>

刘双红 发表于 2010-1-22 12:50:00

回复:绩效理论知识普及二期--你学习,我奖励

好好学习,天天向上:D

醉蝶舞 发表于 2010-1-22 14:25:00

回复:绩效理论知识普及二期--你学习,我奖励

沙发没了,俺坐板凳!

viviangemini 发表于 2010-1-22 20:24:00

回复:绩效理论知识普及二期--你学习,我奖励

沙发没了,板凳也没了,那就坐地板吧~~
继续好好学习~~

Alan Xie 发表于 2010-1-23 11:15:00

回复:绩效理论知识普及二期--你学习,我奖励

学习学习再学习!

HR小鱼 发表于 2010-1-25 19:29:00

回复:绩效理论知识普及二期--你学习,我奖励

呵呵,陈为博士是胜任素质方面的专家,也是中人网的首席人才识别与发展专家,之前为我们单位搭建的面试官体系现在还在用,非常专业。大家有时间可以收集下他的一些材料~

best博雅 发表于 2010-1-26 13:42:00

回复:绩效理论知识普及二期--你学习,我奖励

纯文字的看起来还是有点费劲,要是有相关方面的表格就好了,看起来明了一点,更容易理解。包括平衡计分卡,KPI,360°等相关绩效考核,都是比较难以用文字描述的,表格就一目了然。
还是辛苦斑竹了,谢谢

zhaojian131 发表于 2010-1-27 17:38:00

回复:绩效理论知识普及二期--你学习,我奖励

学习,谢谢共享

ccd46310 发表于 2010-1-28 09:55:00

回复:绩效理论知识普及二期--你学习,我奖励

学习了,非常感谢楼主的分享
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