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A NEW PARADIGM OF LEADERSHIP . N6 D5 b! _' {& T: I+ e
领导的新范例
5 f4 E% s. z J2 O8 LAn Inquiry Into Transformational Leadership7 v$ C b3 z: M1 F6 x; h% s7 x
关于变革型领导的调查
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Bernard. M. Bass
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U.S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES / z0 ^) }, A; N9 j' Q
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" L3 K- ]' l4 g" ASCTION 1
- X! A4 m; J$ x; o; kIntroduction
; w5 t" ^) m) X, v: @# g: O$ }介绍
6 a& [+ k9 ^# L b0 M- CThe Changing Army % [1 y- U" b/ A2 L# ^
变动中的陆军
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In World War II the commitment, loyalty and involvement of privates to generals in the Army was reinforced by a belief that they were engaged in a just cause with the clear purpose to achieve total victory. Beginning with the Korea “police action,”the cause changed from repelling aggression to containing Sino-Soviet expansion to maintaining a stalemate. Vietnam was even more murky; survival for a year until being rotated out became paramount. In the 1990’s the Army has found itself in separate actions in Panama, Grenada, Iraq, Somalia and now Haiti. It must be ready to project and represent the power of the world’s only remaining superpower.
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二战期间，在陆军队伍中，从士兵到将军，都坚信自己正在致力于一项正义的事业。这项事业的明确目的就是取得完全胜利。这种信念强化了他们的奉献、忠诚和参与精神。这项事业发端于韩国的“维和行动”，从反对侵略到牵制中苏联盟的扩张，再到维持平衡，不断发生变化。越南甚至更为黑暗；能够活一年直到被轮换变得极为重要。在20世纪九十年代，从巴拿马、格林纳达、伊拉克、索马里，到现在的海地，陆军在单独的行动中发现了自己。它必须随时准备投放到世界各地，并扮演世界上留存的唯一超级大国的武装力量的角色。2 A, d; G" T2 g/ P- Q; [
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A second change is that the Army is now composed of volunteer professionals. Its minimum educational and intelligence standards of enlistment have been raised and the search and application of ever-improving new technologies continues unabated. Additionally, the force has become highly diverse in race and sex. Finally, the American society from which the Army’s personnel are drawn has seen the rise of moral relativism and the increased questioning of the values of honor, duty and country. Elvis Presley and O.J. Simpson have become more celebrated than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.- O5 N* A b1 k7 f" D/ Z( K2 N+ f
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第二个变化就是，军队现在是由志愿的专业人员组成。征募的最低教育和智力水平已经提高，并且对于不断改善的新技术的研究与应用毫不减弱地在继续。而且，军队在种族和性格上已经变得高度多样化。最后，作为军队成员来源的美国社会已经发现了道德相对主义的上升和对于荣誉、责任和国家价值的增强的质疑。埃尔维斯• 普莱斯利（Elvis Presley）和O.J.辛普森已经变得比乔治•华盛顿和亚伯拉罕•林肯更加出名。
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Instead of preparing and marching off into harm’s way to totally defeat the enemy in as short a time as possible, with the least casualties, Army service becomes a career itself, or a stepping stone to a civilian career. One of the ways to achieve the needed alignment of individual soldier interests with the interests of his or her unit, organization and the Army as a whole is through leadership at all levels. And while commitment and involvement of these better educated, more intelligent, more fully trained, diverse, technologically “tuned-in,”personnel more skeptical about the ideals of just causes and patriotic duty may be maintained to some degree by the “carrot-or-stick”contingent reinforcement of transactional leadership, it is argued here that much more will be achieved if transformational leadership is added to the leadership. 5 L; A. W) Y5 n( }6 o. M
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不是准备和采用一种破坏的方式，而是要在尽可能短的时间内，以最少的伤亡，完全地打败敌人，军事现役自身成为了一种职业，或者成为民间职业的一块垫脚石。为了实现军人个体利益与其所在的单位、组织和军队整体利益所需要的结合，方式之一就是通过各个层面的领导来实现的。当那些受过更好教育、更有智力、更加充分地接受训练、多样化的、技术转型的人员，在正义事业和爱国责任方面的奉献和参与精神，被业务型领导采用“大棒或胡萝卜”政策的暂时增强而保持在一定的程度，在这里人们认为，如果变革型领导被注入到这种领导活动之中，将取得更多的成果。 |
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