请教HLM中fixed effect 和 random effect 的问题

.微に酸袅袅

Hi， Kenny：

when we use HLM，there are some paper just report the fixed effect，while most time I use the random effect，so my question is when shall we use fixed or random effect and their difference？
; L# o3 s& S. N: m" M6 U1 e. K! F
another question is about the ground mean and the group mean， when we test the level 2 model， should we use group mean？can you give some guidance？

, x: T- H& F$ P1 N  _Best，
Kelly

Kenneth

Kelly，這是個給國內同學用的問題網站，麻煩用中文提問。謝謝。